INVESTIGATION · DATA CONTEXT

Was this case unusual?

These datasets give PulseKita a national and state-level baseline for investigation stories. Each series keeps its original definition, source and caveat so a case is never compared against the wrong denominator.

10context families14registered official sources

← Investigation Law timeline ↓

01HOMICIDE / MURDERHow has lethal violence changed?SOURCE-BACKED 02KIDNAPPING / LIBERTYActs against liberty and abduction of minorsSOURCE-BACKED 03CORRUPTIONSPRM investigation and bribery enforcementSOURCE-BACKED 04HUMAN TRAFFICKINGVictims of human traffickingMATERIALIZED 05SCHOOL SAFETYBullying cases recorded in schools under KPMSOURCE-BACKED 06ROBBERYRobbery trendSOURCE-BACKED 07MISSING PERSONSChildren reported missingSOURCE-BACKED 08ARREST → CHARGE → CONVICTIONBribery enforcement stagesSOURCE-BACKED 09STATE COMPARISONWhere are murder and robbery counts highest?MATERIALIZED 10LAW CHANGE TIMELINEHow Malaysia's investigation and victim-protection framework changedSOURCE-BACKED

01 · HOMICIDE / MURDER

How has lethal violence changed?

PulseKita keeps the crime-index murder count separate from the SDG intentional-homicide rate because the definitions and units are not interchangeable.

READY

Crime-index murder casescases

2022240

2023258

2024236

Crime-index murder is a PDRM crime-index series. Do not splice it into the SDG intentional-homicide rate series.

Intentional homicide, ICCScases

2024237

The 2024 ICCS intentional-homicide count is shown as a separate snapshot because the open SDG rate series currently ends in 2022. The 2024 crime-index murder count is 236, while ICCS intentional homicide is 237; the two statistical concepts must remain separate.

Open-data murder series · PDRM/DOSMcases

2016456

2017379

2018323

2019310

2020253

2021243

2022240

2023258

Materialized from crime_district national aggregate rows. data.gov describes this open dataset as actual crimes where an offender was convicted; do not splice it into the newer investigation-paper series.

Intentional homicide rate · SDG 16-1-1victims per 100,000 population

20160.282

20170.235

20180.2

20190.15

20200.139

20210.166

20220.024

This is the SDG intentional-homicide rate. Keep it separate from the crime-index murder count.

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Definitions changed across statistical products. PulseKita must label crime-index murder, ICCS homicide and SDG homicide rate separately.

02 · KIDNAPPING / LIBERTY

Acts against liberty and abduction of minors

The latest DOSM/PDRM table separates all acts against liberty from abduction of a minor, avoiding the misleading use of one generic kidnapping label.

READY

Acts against libertycases

202235

202318

202419

Abduction of a minorcases

202229

202313

202410

ICCS kidnapping snapshotcases

202417

DOSM's 2025 ICCS release reports 17 kidnapping cases in 2024, including 11 involving children. Keep this snapshot separate from the broader acts-against-liberty series.

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Acts against liberty is broader than child abduction. The two series must not be presented as synonyms.

03 · CORRUPTION

SPRM investigation and bribery enforcement

Investigation papers and enforcement activity show workload and enforcement, not corruption prevalence in the population.

READY

SPRM investigation paperspapers

2021828

2022820

20231,026

20241,163

2025975

Investigation papers cover multiple corruption-related offence types and do not equal convictions.

Giving + accepting bribery arrestspersons

2020637

2021534

2022446

2023613

2024764

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Higher enforcement numbers can reflect detection/enforcement intensity as well as underlying offending.

04 · HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Victims of human trafficking

Malaysia's SDG series provides victim rates by year, sex, age and exploitation form and is materialized directly from the official open dataset.

LIVE OPEN DATA

All identified trafficking victimsvictims per 100,000 population

2016676

2017514

201860

201991

202082

2021117

202275

Forced labour / servitude / slaveryvictims per 100,000 population

2016160

2017195

201829

201936

202063

2021110

202259

Sexual exploitationvictims per 100,000 population

2016516

2017319

201831

201955

202020

20217

202216

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

This series measures identified victims under the SDG framework. It is not an estimate of all trafficking that occurs.

05 · SCHOOL SAFETY

Bullying cases recorded in schools under KPM

Final annual SSDM figures provide a consistent bullying-case trend for 2022–2024.

READY

SSDM bullying casescases

20223,883

20236,528

20247,681

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

This is bullying recorded in KPM's SSDM, not every form of school violence and not necessarily every incident occurring in Malaysia.

06 · ROBBERY

Robbery trend

PDRM crime-index robbery counts show a nearly flat 2022–2023 period followed by a decline in 2024.

READY

Robbery casescases

20224,589

20234,588

20244,274

Open-data robbery series · PDRM/DOSMcases

201614,454

201714,128

201810,271

20199,729

20207,326

20215,636

20224,589

20234,588

Materialized by adding the four robbery subtypes in national aggregate rows. data.gov describes this open dataset as actual crimes where an offender was convicted; keep it separate from newer investigation-paper counts.

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

The open district dataset currently stops at 2023; the 2024 national total comes from the newer DOSM publication.

07 · MISSING PERSONS

Children reported missing

PDRM's 2026 publication gives a five-year series for missing children.

READY

Children reported missingchildren

2021594

2022903

2023778

20241,063

20251,219

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

This is a missing-children series, not all missing persons. A missing-person report does not itself imply abduction or a crime.

08 · ARREST → CHARGE → CONVICTION

Bribery enforcement stages

A five-year SPRM parliamentary table lets PulseKita compare arrests, charges and convictions without pretending they are one same-year conversion funnel.

READY

Arrestspersons

2020637

2021534

2022446

2023613

2024764

Chargescharges

2020162

2021208

2022123

2023127

2024160

Convictionsconvictions

202037

202137

202241

202321

202442

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Do not calculate a same-year arrest-to-conviction conversion rate. Charges and convictions in a year may relate to arrests or cases from earlier years.

09 · STATE COMPARISON

Where are murder and robbery counts highest?

The materializer derives state-level murder and robbery totals from PDRM/DOSM's district dataset while preserving the source's territory aggregation rules.

LIVE OPEN DATA

STATE COMPARISON · 2023counts · not population-adjusted

Selangor67murder1560robbery

Johor31murder637robbery

W.P. Kuala Lumpur16murder511robbery

Perak30murder374robbery

Pulau Pinang12murder377robbery

Kedah19murder257robbery

Negeri Sembilan8murder194robbery

Sarawak13murder173robbery

Sabah26murder107robbery

Melaka13murder113robbery

Pahang5murder117robbery

Kelantan9murder104robbery

Terengganu6murder44robbery

Perlis3murder20robbery

Counts are not population-adjusted rates. data.gov describes crime_district as actual crimes where an offender was convicted, not the newer investigation-paper series. W.P. Putrajaya is subsumed under W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Labuan under Sabah in the source.

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Counts are not population-adjusted rates. Putrajaya is included under W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Labuan under Sabah in this source.

10 · LAW CHANGE TIMELINE

How Malaysia's investigation and victim-protection framework changed

A curated timeline distinguishes enacted law, amendments and Bills that have passed Parliament.

READY

2007enacted

Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act 2007

Malaysia established the statutory framework that later became ATIPSOM.

Attorney General's Chambers ↗

2010amended

Anti-smuggling provisions added to Act 670

The 2010 amendment added migrant-smuggling offences and changed the Act's title to the Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007.

Attorney General's Chambers ↗

2017enacted

Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017

The reform recognised offences including child grooming and child sexual-abuse material and was accompanied by specialised child-victim justice measures.

Parliament of Malaysia ↗

2023amended

Child sexual-offence terminology and provisions updated

Amendments to the Sexual Offences Against Children framework took effect, including updated terminology for child sexual-abuse material.

Parliament of Malaysia ↗

2025passed parliament

Anti-Bullying Bill 2025 passed both Houses

D.R.41/2025 passed the Dewan Rakyat on 3 December 2025 and the Dewan Negara on 16 December 2025.

Parliament of Malaysia ↗

2026passed parliament

Sexual Offences against Children (Amendment) Bill 2026 passed both Houses

D.R.9/2026 passed the Dewan Rakyat on 30 June 2026 and the Dewan Negara on 23 July 2026.

Parliament of Malaysia ↗

READ THIS BEFORE COMPARING A CASE

Passing Parliament is not the same as commencement. PulseKita labels Bills as passed-parliament unless commencement/enactment is separately established.

PULSEKITA CONTEXT RULE

Context explains scale. It does not explain guilt.

National or state trends can show whether an offence is becoming more or less common, but they cannot establish what happened in an individual case. Every Investigation still depends on its own evidence, claims, legal status and source record.